Cervical Cancer and Its Treatment Options

Cervical cancer as the name implies is a type of cancer that occurs in the cervix which is the lower part or the mouth of a woman’s uterus, close to the upper vagina.

It is often caused by a sexually transmitted disease called Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Disease. 

In this article, we will discuss the symptoms of cervical cancer, its screening and diagnosis, treatment options, and its management.

Source: GynecolOncol

SYMPTOMS OF CERVICAL CANCER.

1) Vaginal bleeding

Unusual bleeding is often a sign of cervical cancer. It could be bleeding after menopause or in between menstrual periods.

2) Vaginal discharge

Usual discharge is also a sign of cervical cancer. The discharge could be bloody, watery, and smelly.

3) Pelvic pain

Abnormal pain in the pelvic area can also be a sign of cervical pain. Pain could also be in the lower abdomen or during intercourse.

SCREENING AND DIAGNOSIS OF CERVICAL CANCER.

The screening and diagnosis of cervical cancer includes the following tests:

1) Biopsy

This is done to determine if cells are cancerous. A tissue sample is collected from the affected area and is viewed under the microscope. This is normally done if abnormal cells are found in other screening tests.

2) Pap Smear Test

This is a common screening test where cells are collected from the cervix area and viewed under the microscope to check for abnormalities.

Source: Dr. Arohi Tasgaonkar

3) HPV Test

This is a test for a common causative agent of cancer, so testing for the Human papillomavirus (HPV) is important to know women who are at risk.

4) Image testing

This includes MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), CT (Computerized tomography) scan, etc., which is done to determine the spread of cancer over the affected area and another part of the body.

5) Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA)

 This involves directly applying vinegar (acetic acid) to the cervix and examining it to see if any area turns white.

6) Colposcopy

A colposcopy involves using a magnifying instrument to examine the cervix. It is usually done after a Pap smear test or Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid.

These screenings need to be carried out for the early detection and treatment of the cancer. It’s also advisable, that women should discuss with health care professionals about their screening, to know which is best based on their medical history.

TREATMENT OPTION FOR CERVICAL CANCER.

The following are the treatment options for  cervical cancer:

1. Surgery

This involves the removal of cancerous cervical tissues also known as trachelectomy, and the removal of the uterus, also known as hysterectomy. This is carried out, depending on the stage of the cancer. Some surgical options are also available for cervical cancer, they include a simple hysterectomy which involves removing the cervix and uterus surgically. Radical hysterectomy, which involves removing the cervix, uterus, a part of the vagina and surrounding tissues.

Trachelectomy which involves removing the cervix and leaving the uterus intact. It is a fertility-preserved method.

Source: The Harley Street 

2. Radiation Therapy

This involves the use of high-energy ionizing radiation light to kill cancerous cells. It can be done externally by directly exposing the affected area to radiation or internally by implanting radioactive substances in the affected area (Brachytherapy). This can be done alongside surgery.

3. Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs to kill cancerous cells and to inhibit them from growing. It can also be administered before or after surgery to intensify effectiveness. The specific drugs given depend on the stage of the cancer and the patient’s overall health. Chemotherapy can also be given alongside other treatment options such as radiation therapy, surgery, e.t.c

4. Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapy is a specific therapy that is targeted at specific cell’s genetic materials involved in cancer growth. They can be used in combination with chemotherapy for developed cervical cancer that has returned after treatment or spread widely. In as much as targeted therapy is effective, it can cause side effects such as gastrointestinal problems, tiredness etc.

5. Immunotherapy

This type of therapy helps to boost the immune system and in turn, the immune system recognises and fights against cancer cells. This type of therapy comes in handy when other treatments have not been effective enough. There are also side effects associated with immunotherapy, such as skin rash, tiredness, inflammation of the lungs, etc.

Source: FutureLearn

The treatment option assigned to a patient is dependent on the stage of the cancer and the overall health of the patient. 

Patients need to talk about their options fully with healthcare professionals to make informed decisions about their treatment plans. It is also necessary for patients to know the risks and benefits attached to each of the treatment options.

MANAGEMENT OF CERVICAL CANCER

Managing cervical cancer involves a combination of treatments aimed at preventing the disease, reducing symptoms, and enhancing a patient’s life. 

Below are some ways cervical cancer can be managed:

1) Healthy living

Adopting a healthy lifestyle plays an important role in managing cervical cancer and promoting the overall well-being of the patient. This could include maintaining a balanced diet, engaging in physical activities like sports, regular medical check-ups, and avoiding too much alcohol intake.

2) Treatment plan

Managing cervical cancer will start with a thorough examination of a patient’s medical history which includes the series of tests that have been done before and the results. Different health professionals often come together to tailor an individual’s treatment plan based on their needs.

3) Primary Treatment

The primary treatment depends on the stage of cancer. The primary treatment options include immunotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy e.t.c or a combination of these therapies.

5) Follow-Up Care

This is done after undergoing primary treatment. The patients are required to come for checkups from time to time. This follow-up care would involve imaging testing, physical examination, and blood testing. 

6) Psychosocial Support

This includes support groups, counselling sessions, educational resources e.t.c that can help patients cope with stress and other emotional concerns.

Source: MHPSS MSP

7) Symptom Management

Pain, fatigue, and vaginal discharge are symptoms experienced by patients. In this case, healthcare specialists can provide support to patients to help manage the symptoms for the comfort of the patient.

Conclusion

Important management of cervical cancer requires an extensive and organized approach that addresses the medical, emotional, and supportive needs of patients throughout their cancer journey. Close collaboration with healthcare professionals and support services is essential to improve a patient’s quality of life.

In another article, we will discuss the prevention strategies for cervical cancer.