Blood Cancer: What you need to know

Blood cancer is a life-threatening disease affecting the production and function of blood cells. It can disrupt the body’s ability to fight infection, carry oxygen, and regulate bleeding, posing a serious health challenge to millions of people worldwide. Unfortunately, many individuals may not recognise the early signs, leading to delays in diagnosis and treatment. In this article, we’ll explore what blood cancer is, the different types, and symptoms to watch for, and how early diagnosis and treatment can make a significant difference. By understanding more about this disease, you can empower yourself or your loved ones to take control of their health journey.

What is Blood Cancer?

Blood cancer, also known as hematologic cancer, affects the production and function of blood cells in your body. It begins in the bone marrow, where blood is produced, and involves abnormal growth of cells that can interfere with normal blood cell production. Blood cancers disrupt how your body functions and, if untreated, can lead to serious health issues. But thanks to modern medical advancements, many people live long and healthy lives after a diagnosis.

Types of Blood Cancer

There are three main types of blood cancer:

• Leukaemia:  Affects the white blood cells and starts in the bone marrow. It prevents the body from fighting infections effectively.
• Lymphoma: Starts in the lymphatic system, part of the immune system, and involves the abnormal growth of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell).
• Myeloma: Involves plasma cells, another type of white blood cell, and affects the body’s ability to produce antibodies.

Each type has subtypes, and the treatment plan may vary based on the specific diagnosis.

Survival Rates and Prognosis Of Blood Cancer

Survival rates for blood cancer have improved significantly over the years due to advances in treatment. The prognosis depends on the type and stage of the cancer at diagnosis, as well as the patient’s overall health. For instance, some types of leukaemia may have a 5-year survival rate of over 60%, while certain lymphomas have even higher rates. Discussing your specific case with your doctor will give you a clearer idea of your prognosis.

Causes and Risk Factors Of Blood Cancer

The exact cause of blood cancer is still unknown, but several factors can increase the risk of developing the disease:

• Age: Blood cancer is more common in older adults.
• Family history: A family history of blood cancer can raise your risk.
• Weakened immune system: Those with weakened immune systems, such as individuals with HIV or those on immunosuppressant drugs, are at higher risk.
• Previous cancer treatments: Some treatments, like chemotherapy or radiation, can increase the likelihood of developing blood cancer later in life.

Genetic and Environmental Influences

While blood cancer isn’t directly inherited, some genetic mutations can raise your risk. Environmental factors, such as exposure to certain chemicals (like benzene), radiation, or smoking, can also play a role in increasing your risk. Understanding your risk factors can help you take proactive steps to monitor your health.

Symptoms and Diagnosis Of Blood Cancer

Symptoms

Symptoms of blood cancer can be vague and are often mistaken for other illnesses. Common signs include:

• Fatigue and weakness
• Frequent infections or fevers
• Unexplained weight loss
• Bruising or bleeding easily
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Bone or joint pain

If you notice any of these symptoms persisting, it’s important to see your doctor for further evaluation.

Diagnostic Tests

Diagnosing blood cancer involves a series of tests, such as:

• Blood tests: These check for abnormal levels of blood cells.
• Bone marrow biopsy: A small sample of bone marrow is taken to check for cancerous cells.
• Imaging tests: Scans like CT or MRI may be used to see if cancer has spread to other areas.

Early detection through these tests can lead to more effective treatment.